The Parisian club has now won the season-opening trophy on 14 separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the French league winners and the French Cup winners after the French winger found the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, Marseille struck twice in the closing moments to take a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital equaliser in the final moments to force the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all scored successfully for PSG to seal a 4-1 shootout win.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.